E-cigarettes, aka personal vaporizers, vape pens, vaping devices, e-cigars, mod or pod systems are everywhere, spreading their aerosolized mixture of nicotine-flavored liquids and who knows what else into the atmosphere.

Vaping has become so ubiquitous that in 2014, the Oxford Dictionaries actually named "vape" the word of the year because its use had more than doubled in just one year.

According to a study in the Annals of Internal Medicine, 10.8 million American adults were using e-cigarettes in 2016, but that leaves out users in middle and high school, a group that is growing rapidly.

A November 2019 study in the "Journal of American Medical Association" found that an estimated 28% of high school students and 11% of middle school students said they'd used e-cigarettes within the past month, and there are currently estimated to be 5.3 million young users in America.

But how did e-cigarettes become so popular, and why are some groups advocating for the right to smoke e-cigarettes while others are fighting to expose their health risks and to have them banned?

Furthermore, what can be learned from comparing the marketing and debates surrounding e-cigarettes to the marketing and debates surrounding tobacco products from years past?

[soft tense music] Let's begin with the early history of the e-cigarette.

Although people have been inhaling vaporized chemicals for centuries, the first electric delivery devices emerged in the early 20th century.

For instance, one 1927 patent describes an electric vaporizer that would hold "medicinal compounds which are electrically, or otherwise, heated to produce vapors for inhalation."

Fast forward to 1963 when a scrap metal dealer and two-pack-a-day cigarette smoker from Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, named Herbert A. Gilbert filed a patent for a device that he hoped would wean people off tobacco.

As reported in "Smithsonian" magazine, Gilbert hoped that his smokeless, non-tobacco cigarette might prevent diseases that at the time were only suspected to arise from tobacco use.

Gilbert also hoped that his nicotine-free device, which came in ten flavors, would help dieters lose weight because it enabled them to smoke their favorite food.

Gilbert produced a prototype for his e-cigarette, but he failed to find a company to produce it commercially.

Unfortunately for him, but fortunate for many dieters that didn't get hooked on his products, Gilbert was ahead of his time.

As viewers of AMC's "Mad Men" know, during the 1950s and early 1960s, advertisers were still billing smoking cigarettes as a fresh, natural, and sensuous experience.

Some ads featured attractive adults smoking while engaging in refreshing outdoor sports.

Others showed them puffing while attending highbrow cultural events associated with good taste.

And many depicted smokers with cigarettes dangling suggestively from their lips.

Soon enough, this naivete would be tempered, at least somewhat.

In 1964, the surgeon general released the first in a series of reports on smoking and health.

These reports identified cigarette smoking as being a cause of lung and laryngeal cancer in men, likely a cause of cancer in women, and the most important cause of chronic bronchitis.

In fact, the link between smoking and lung disease was one of the top news stories of 1964.

This report led to important legislation, including the federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 and the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969.

These laws required health warnings to be put on cigarette packages, banned broadcast media from advertising cigarettes, and called for an annual report on the health consequences of smoking.

Speaking of consequences, many were linked to inhaling a combination of carbon monoxide and tar.

If these could be eliminated, the thinking went, users could potentially acquire their nicotine more safely.

In the late 1970s, Phil Ray, a computer scientist/smoker, was having trouble quitting smoking.

Ray teamed up with physician Norman Jacobson to create their version of a nicotine delivery device, and this is how it worked.

Filter paper soaked in nicotine was placed in a plastic tube designed to look like a paper cigarette.

All the user had to do was inhale through the tube.

There were neither electronics nor combustion involved.

A 1980 article in "Medical World News" quotes Dr. Jacobson as saying their product could provide "would-be ex-smokers "the satisfaction they need without requiring them to breathe carbon monoxide and tar."

However, this device was not a commercial success.

This was partly due to the fact that its nicotine was not encapsulated and did not need to be heated to vaporize.

This meant that some evaporated on the shelf.

As a result, it was difficult to control how much would reach end users.

Despite their lack of commercial success, these early e-cigarette prototypes are important to our story because they begin to hint at a trope that many e-cigarette lobbyists rely on today, that e-cigarettes might provide a healthier alternative to tobacco.

For example, consider this print ad for an early e-cigarette-like product first marketed in the mid-'90s by R.J. Reynolds, the heat-not-burn Eclipse.

As you can see, Reynolds would later build this device as a "cigarette that may present less risk of cancer, chronic bronchitis, and possibly emphysema."

For someone who desperately wants to quit smoking tobacco, that may seem attractive, even with all the qualifiers.

The first e-cigarette that was commercially successful was promoted using similar language.

In 2003, Hon Lik, a Chinese pharmacist, inventor, and cigarette smoker developed a device for what was then Golden Dragon Holdings, and later rebranded as Ruyan.

Lik's device used piezoelectric ultrasonic technology to vaporize a nicotine solution.

In 2008, Ruyan's English-language website pitched the e-cigarette as "a healthier choice to make in place of tobacco products," and as "a real way to put the power of choice and clean living back into your hands."

Notice how the company merges the pitch that e-cigarettes are potentially safer, with claims that these devices give the user power and access to clean living, ideas that we've just seen in old cigarette ads.

You'd be surprised at how blatantly 21st century e-cigarette ads mimic mid-20th century tobacco ads.

But saying that e-cigarettes are safe and healthy doesn't give us the full picture.

Two potential points.

First, the issue of whether or not an e-cigarette poses a relatively smaller risk to a tobacco cigarette for a particular illness, such as cancer, distracts consumers from considering the other dangers that an e-cigarette might pose.

The Eclipse, for example, ran into problems after loose glass particles were found in the filter tips.

Sure, the Eclipse may have presented less risk of cancer, but it definitely presented more risk of glass particles in lungs.

Second, the question of whether smoking e-cigarettes can curtail tobacco addiction is a matter of debate.

In 2008, the World Health Organization issued a press release stating that it did not find e-cigarettes to be a legitimate tool for smoking secession.

Ruyan countered these findings by commissioning its own study through a group called Health New Zealand, which sounds super legit, which determined that e-cigarettes offered a safe alternative to smoking tobacco.

In 2011, the "American Journal of Preventative Medicine" came to a more cautious conclusion, stating, "Findings suggest "that e-cigarettes may hold promise "as a smoking secession method "and that they are worthy of further study using more rigorous research designs."

So, depending on who you ask, the jury is still out on e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation method.

So how has the group of new e-cigarette users grown so quickly despite the ongoing controversies?

The quick answer: sleek product designs, candy-like vape flavors, and marketing campaigns that deploy sophisticated social media tactics.

Consider, for example, how the largest e-cigarette company, JUUL, has become so popular with new users.

According to Nielsen data, JUUL accounts for almost 75% of the market share, and as of early 2019, had a market valuation of $38 billion.

JUUL devices, like many other brands that are currently available, are pleasing to the eye and easy to conceal.

JUUL even launched a model that looks a lot like a computer flash drive.

The flavor pods are also small and easy to hide.

These added flavors like creme, cucumber, mango, and fruit medley entice young smokers.

After the Food and Drug Administration put pressure on JUUL in 2018, the company stopped selling flavored e-cigarettes in retail stores but still made them available via their supposedly age-restricted website.

And in October 2019, JUUL stopped selling fruit flavors altogether, but is still selling menthol, which according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2019 National Youth Tobacco Survey, is actually the second most popular flavor among high-school students.

So, even though the fruit flavors were designed to appeal to minors, banning them may do very little to curtail JUUL use overall.

Dr. Robert Jackler is the co-founder and director of Stanford Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising.

His team has studied JUUL's meteoric rise, assembling a website featuring 1,400 JUUL advertisements.

One section sorts where and how these ads appeared.

Some were presented on social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.

Others were distributed by email or as part of an online promotion.

Some even opted for the old school route, print ads, store displays, electronic billboards, and so on.

But perhaps the most insidious were those created by paid influencers, people with large social-media followings, who posted and hashtagged about their glamorous love for e-cigarettes.

Advertising like this is difficult for parents or the government to regulate.

In 1965, federal acts mandated that advertisers include health warnings on their advertisements.

They even banned the ads from broadcast media.

Today's Food and Drug Administration has been locked in legal battles with these companies, but even then, it can do little to regulate peer-to-peer viral marketing.

Instead, the government has turned to counter messaging.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued warnings about the dangers of e-cigarettes.

Take for example, this handout aimed at educators and parents.

The press has also played an important role.

On November 8, 2019, "The Washington Post" reported the federal data shows that there are, quote, "more than 2,000 cases "of illnesses across every state but Alaska connected to vaping or e-cigarettes," and that according to the CDC, at the time this episode was written, "at least 47 deaths in 25 states and the District of Columbia have been confirmed."

Raising public awareness of the dangers of e-cigarettes is critical, especially because there's still so much we don't know about how their use affects the human body over time.

Vitamin E acetate has been used as a thickener in vaping fluid, sometimes put into black-market vape cartridges, some of which contain THC, the ingredient that provides the high for marijuana.

According to the Centers for Disease Control, vitamin E acetate was found in lung fluids of many who've experienced vaping-related lung injuries and deaths.

And here's a critical point.

Just because you purchase a pod through a legitimate corporation, and just because it's free of vitamin E acetate, that doesn't mean that it's safe.

E-cigarettes are simply too new for scientists to have all the answers.

Returning to the example of Eclipse, who knows what glass particles today's e-cigarettes will leave behind?